Articles

Non-magnetic four-port electronic circulators based on 90∘ non-reciprocal phase-shifters

This paper presents a family of four-port electronic circulators adhering to a new topology symmetry that enables linear, low-loss transistor-based circuit implementations. The underlying principle of operation employs a property of the 90∘ non-reciprocal phase shifter (NRPS) derived in this article. Under quadrature excitation, the NRPS transfers or reflects exciting signals depending on their respective phase lead. The fundamental topology consists of two back-to-back quadrature hybrid couplers with a 90∘ NRPS connected in parallel over the line of symmetry, interrupting the circuit’s reciprocity to achieve circular propagation by bypassing or reflecting at the NRPS but not through. We break down the circuit into three fundamental four-port sub-circuits.